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How would you measure the efficiency of a language?

Do languages become more efficient over time?

What is the most efficient known language?

Do you think we will see any major changes to the way languages are formed in the future?

Thanks :)
33 posts and 1 images submitted.
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>>1523725
I have only a little understanding of linguistics but I think they would laugh about efficiency. It does not seem there is such a thing. Prove me wrong.
>Do you think we will see any major changes to the way languages are formed in the future?
Why would it change differently? I can see the internet having more influence on language, but that doesn't mean a different kind of change.
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>>1523740

Maybe in the future we will see more initiatives like Esperanto.

So people actively trying to create better languages.
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>>1523749
There's no thing as better languages. I suggest you go to r/linguistics. It is Reddit, but it has actual linguistics (those who study language).
Unless some anon here studies or studied linguistics I doubt you get good answers here.

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Did his reforms kill the republic?
24 posts and 7 images submitted.
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That's not a human
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>>1523693
no, they almost certainly saved it. other people kilt the republic.
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>>1523693
That's a bust, how could it reform anything?

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What really happened to the ninth legion? Was it destroyed by barbarians or disbanded for mutiny?
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Thy turned to Chaos and were purged from Imperial Records.
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>>1523648
this /thread
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>>1523648
fucking heretics

>be viking fucking shit
>Franks cut you a deal to settle some sweet land and protect their coasts
>convert to Christianity
>become knights and monarchs
>conquer the British Isles
>conquer Southern Italy
>at forefront of the Crusades
>serve as renowned mercenaries all over the world
How did they do it?
20 posts and 3 images submitted.
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>>1523580
That helmet on the right is baller. What's it called?
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>>1523580
>be norman knight on pilgrimage in Mezzogiorno
>have a reputation as fierce knights
>local Lombard princes ask for your assistance in fighting saracen fucking shits and smelly greeks
>send letters to home to all your extended family "Ay yo, dese niggas got gold and shieet, come on over errbody"
>normans start arriving in troves like fucking romanis or something
>start taking land from Christian Lombard lords who are already exhausted fighting foreigners

>get hired as mercs by the Byzantines in their wars against the horse fucking hordes of Turks and shit
>battle of manzikert: desert
>literally cost the ERE Anatolia and enable to ascension of the turk roaches

Thanks, normans
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>>1523580
>vikings
>being a thing
when will this end

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Despite some Christians (particularly Catholics) not taking the Genesis narrative literally (that is, the fable concerning the serpent and the fruit), the Catechism of the Church still teaches that Adam and Eve's transgression - whatever it was, since the eating of the fruit is held to be 'metaphorical' - caused "Adam and Eve [to] transmit to their descendants human nature wounded by their own first sin and hence deprived of original holiness and justice", as stated by the official Catechism.

Note, however, that it is also written that Cain dwelt in the Land of Nod, and that there were humans there, one of whom he made his wife. It is safe ti assume, then, that many humans were thus not descended from Adam and Eve: were these humans - having no blood ties to the pair - 'fallen', and inflicted with Original Sin? According to Protestant and Catholic thought, how can Original Sin have been transmitted to every member of the race when it is stated there were other extant humans? It is unlikely that any more than a tiny fraction of people in the present-day (assuming the descendants kept on reproducing) would even be directly descended from Adam and Eve i.e. one pair of people, when it is stated enough men - enough to build and populate a city - already had existed and formed a society at the same time Adam and Eve were kicked out of the garden.
22 posts and 7 images submitted.
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What if

stay with me

what if

Ada
and
Eve

were

the metaphorical representation

of all men

and women

and not just two individuals?
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>>1523515
I would tell you to properly read the post, then. The Catechism of the Catholic Church - as approved by the Magisterium - states explicitly that Adam and Eve were real individuals, and that the only possible metaphor was the fable of the eating of fruit.

Most Christian denominations hold Eve and Adam to have had a literal existence, and it is only the story of the serpent and the fruit of the tree that is relegated to the realm of metaphor.
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>>1523532
Nowhere in your post does it say that though

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Throughout most of history, states relying on a professional standing force were enormously rare. Even when a state's primary military force was a corps of professional soldiers, you usually had them dispersed and non-mobilized until a campaign started, and often the monarch or other ruler tried to disband them at the end of hostilities.

A lot of this was obviously cost, but another big chunk of it was political control. One only needs to look at the Post-Marian Roman society to see how much trouble standing armies can be, and it wouldn't be terribly inaccurate to say that the main thrust of Roman policy for the entirety of the unified imperial era was trying to come up with ways to control the legions and keep them from toppling the current emperor.

Which is again, at least in Europe, probably why you don't see standing armies again for a long while once Rome fell.

And then, sometime in the mid-18th century, you start to see them again, almost everywhere in Europe, almost overnight. And you almost never get the same problems the ancients had with them; if anything, standing armies tend to be a force of moderation and social cohesion, not toppling their own states left right and center.

What the hell happened? Why did it turn around like that?
9 posts and 2 images submitted.
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Bump, great question
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>>1523385
Nationalism?

I'm just talking out of my ass, but maybe these standing armies of smaller nation states had a stronger sense of national identity and pride in serving their state than the Roman legions did serving a giant multiethnic empire and conversely the legions revolved more around cults of personality of their leaders than the empire itself? Idk
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Rise in the standard of living. Why revolt when you can just get paid your fair share and fuck off to live in peace?

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>During the Battle of the Somme the Ulster Division was the only division of X Corps to have achieved its objectives on the opening day of the battle. This came at a heavy price, with the division suffering in two days of fighting 5,500 officers and enlisted men killed, wounded or missing.
>War correspondent Philip Gibbs said of the Division, "Their attack was one of the finest displays of human courage in the world.
>Of nine Victoria Crosses given to British forces in the battle, four were awarded to 36th Division soldiers.
29 posts and 2 images submitted.
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natural selection, for centuries only the finest warriors could repel the irish barbarians
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>>1523381
First post best post
>>
>>1523381
kek

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>And Jacob took him rods of green poplar, and of the hazel and chesnut tree; and pilled white strakes in them, and made the white appear which was in the rods. And he set the rods which he had pilled before the flocks in the gutters in the watering troughs when the flocks came to drink, that they should conceive when they came to drink. And the flocks conceived before the rods, and brought forth cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted.
And Jacob took him rods of green poplar, and of the hazel and chesnut tree; and pilled white strakes in them, and made the white appear which was in the rods. And he set the rods which he had pilled before the flocks in the gutters in the watering troughs when the flocks came to drink, that they should conceive when they came to drink. And the flocks conceived before the rods, and brought forth cattle ringstraked, speckled, and spotted.
And the angel of God spake unto me in a dream, saying, Jacob: And I said, Here am I. >And he said, Lift up now thine eyes, and see, all the rams which leap upon the cattle are ringstraked, speckled, and grisled: for I have seen all that Laban doeth unto thee.

So the God of the Old Testament - the omniscient Creator - has no idea what DNA is?
37 posts and 1 images submitted.
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Only shitty protestant churches in the American south/southeast insist upon the anti-intellectualism and new earth horseshit. Catholicism and the Vatican recognizes tons of new scientific discoveries that contradict the bible's explanation.
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>>1523323
What a fucking absurd conclusion.

>Does the God Who made DNA understand it?
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>>1523340
>Evil churches agree with satan's evil world about how things really are.

>t. scientific delusion

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Could someone clear things up on history of the Quran and Muslims in general? I think Mohammed is a very interesting figure, however, would the recognize the Quran if he was alive today?
As far I understand, the Quran was revealed to him between years 610 and 630, but the Quran itself was not officially published until few decades after Mohammed's death.
Also how come Imam Ali had one finished only half a year after Muhammed's death but was rejected? Was Ali not one of the closest to Mohammed?
27 posts and 2 images submitted.
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>>1523283
Muhammad never existed
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>>1523283
We can't tell why Ali's quran was rejected, unless we can actually read it. Most probale reasons would be his comentary was not fit for the political, social or religious theme of that era. But looking at the number of his teachings mentioned in hadith says otherwise.
>>
Before it was written, it were to be memorised. These people were Hafiz, there are still many of the Hafiz today. The Prophet selected young and intelligent scholars to do this.
However, some verses in the Quran are time related, they were only validated in a specific time period. Some verses are even neglected because of some of the Hadith. In the Quran it states that it would be lawful for one to eat anything from the sea. Yet, some knowledgeable scholars did not permit the act of eating foods like Shrimp, various crustaceans, shark etc.

I'm a well knowledged Muslim, ask me anything

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Leaving aside the the validity of their claims, who made the strongest case compelling a person to care about their philosophy? Scariest boogeyman, greatest prize, etc.
7 posts and 1 images submitted.
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>>1523230
Leaving aside the validity of their claims?

Nietzsche probably, just because he reaches your soul with his writing.
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>>1523230
>who made the strongest case compelling a person to care about their philosophy?
I dunno about your metric here but probably the most "universally relevant" philosopher is Kant because out of his idealism comes all modern political ideologies
>>
Aristotle, who laid the foundations of logic and reason, from which all philosophies would rise, especially the enlightenment philosophies.

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Give me one reason why society or "the greater good" should ever come before the individual. Pro tip: you can't.
15 posts and 2 images submitted.
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you need a balance between the 2

Nationalism is the answer
a collective group whose common identity gives them enough cohesion to allow personal freedoms

anything else you either have Despotic States like absolute monarchies and communism or Anarchism and Tribalism
>>
>>1523224

Game theory.

Co-operation is the best strategy for maximising the well being of the individual.
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>>1523245

only with in-group preferences

in-group preferences eventually wins with total cooperation by not reciprocating the total cooperation group's support

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Why do we need philosophy when everything can be solved by science and math?
20 posts and 5 images submitted.
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>>1523177
solve that question with science and math.
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>>1523177
What would a society ruled by science and math look like? Technocracy?
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>>1523211
No humans.

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Hey /his/torians i have a question about egyptian gods. Did the egyptians think of their gods as real human-like beings who had relations and interactions with each other like the greeks did?
Or did they think of them more as a concept or a symbol for e.g. the sun or the nile.
Did they actually believe there was some being with the head of a jackal?
17 posts and 2 images submitted.
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All I know on this matter is Egyptians were crazy about symbolism. Their names and titles had different meanings at the same time, e.g being a "shooter" meant you were good at archery and ejaculated alot. Hieroglyphs are a form of symbolism in writing using pictures instead of words. Anubis with the head of a jackal was most likely derived from the jackals which would consume the dead and hung around dead bodies or people about to die.
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all the egyptian gods are real and the stories are to be believed, simple as that. why do you think meme magic is happening ? kek
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>>1523168
You know the Greek gods sometimes used to have sex with the Egyptian gods. Hell most of them were considered different names for the same dude. Thoth's temple was called Hermopolis for a reason, that isn't what the Egyptians called it.

They were both both, they are personifications.

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Hey /his/ i have to write a paper about any point in history in korea. Im a weeb and really have mainly studied japanese history so i don't know any interesting points in korean history. Does any have any suggestions?
pic unrelated
6 posts and 2 images submitted.
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>>1523133
Play Civ 5 as sejong, and read the intro screen. That's a you need to know.
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>>1523133
inb4 hyper war
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>>1523133

Do the Japanese invasion of Korea then. I assume you know at least a little bit about it.

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Can there ever be pure empiricism outside Mathematics?
8 posts and 1 images submitted.
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>Can there ever be

Should there ever be?
>>
>outside Mathematics?

Did you confuse empiricism for rationalism?
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>>1523137

sorry
I think that I explained myself wrong
can you ever receive pure knowledge trough senses outside Mathematics?

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