Bronze Age

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this Tocharian female is a Tarim mummy and lived around 1,000 BC. She was tall, with a high nose and long flaxen blond hair, perfectly preserved in ponytails. The weave of her clothing appears similar to Celtic cloth. She was around 40 years-old when she died.

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statues from Sumeria

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Lion gate of the Hittite city of Hattusa

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Sardinia has some of the most amazing ruins I've ever seen. there are ruins almost on every hilltop.

also a great example of the social divide that developed between "lowland" peoples and "highland" peoples

my professor write his thesis on this and it was really interesting.

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Minos is my favorite archaic society

also here's a great article on the misconceptions of Minoan society being hyper-peaceful

http://www.academia.edu/1552481/Martial_Minoans_War_as_social_process_practice_and_event_in_Bronze_Age_Crete

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and of course the Elite of Bronze age societies

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>>1495570
>also a great example of the social divide that developed between "lowland" peoples and "highland" peoples

>my professor write his thesis on this and it was really interesting.

Really interesting, I would like to read that.

These are some bronze figurines found in a burial dating back to 1100-900 bc, they depicted heavily armored arciers, similar to those employed in campaigns in the Near East, especially by Assyrians and Arameans, archaeologists have interpreted these finds in Sardinia as Sardinian mercenaries who campaigned in Syria during the late bronze age and early iron age, and that wanted to celebrate their adventures with this kind of artifacts.

They've also found statuettes depicting centaurs really similar to those found in Aramean and Neo Hittitie temples.

The corpses found in these Sardinian burials also were found with a bronze plate, probably part of the armor.

Was the ancient middle east part of western civilization?

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SANXINGDUI

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>>1495573
>You will never be cheered on by topless women for making short work of primitive people

Thanks for posting all the neat stuff. I love chalcolithic and bronze age cultures, especially the extinct branches of Indo-Europeans, such as Hittites and Tocharians, and Old Europeans.

>>1496414
BACKSCABBARD ALERT

>>1496409
>>1496411
>>1496412
>>1496414
Way to shit up a thread with your unfunny meme.

Can't you at least keep this /pol/ bullshit into your threads?

Aren't your daily "Why has African never known civilizations" threads enough for you?

Now you have to shit up other threads too?

I mean, the /pol/ tier threads on /his/ were already out of place, but at least I could easily ignore them, now you have to go to other unrelated threads too?

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>>1495510
The Yangtze River had some interesting Bronze Age activity too

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>>1497891
For those who can't read bug runes

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>>1497894
The Celts had the most decorative pommels in the world at the time. They took their metallurgy seriously. Some of the best smiths in their cultures were considered magical people

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>>1497898

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>>1497901

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>>1497903

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>>1497910
Of course, the cradle of civilization had crazy diversity. Every village had the potential to be a settled population of nomads who were isolated from other humans for thousands of years

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>>1497916
To be the first settled village would have been tough. What's to stop some nomads from stealing or raiding your village's crops?

That's why we find the villages that lasted from that age in swamps and hills. Much easier to defend in those areas.

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>>1497932
That is, until Sumeria was able to field enough men to stomp any group who tried to mess with them.

They favored phalanx style combat as shown in this relief. I can imagine it was because giving a lot of untrained peasants a pointy stick and shield was the easiest way to make them successful.

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>>1497944
It was not until horses entered the battlefield that Sumeria was finally beaten. Charging the phalanxes proved costly for lives of both men and horses - who were not in surplus back then unless you wanted to tame more wild ones.

The horse tribes found that circling the formation with bows and lassos worked well. With enough arrows, the formation would tighten up out of panic.

When dense enough, another warrior could toss in the lasso. It would grab a man's head, neck or arm with enough force to break it immediately.

Scary stuff

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>>1495510
>the first time

Keep believing that nonsense

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>>1497966
Too soon, bro. Humanity lost a lot of potential during those times. Truly a dark age

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>>1497916
That helmet was never found in Greece.

It only appears in depictions of the Sherden mercenaries and royal guards working for the Pharaoh, who also wore a different type of armor.

>>1497891
That sword looks like something out of Final Fantasy.

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>>1496183
Reconstruction

>>1495579

lol

>>1497966
Any more info? Archaeological finds? Oral or written evidence? Legends?

Genuinely curious.

>>1495550
What role did the spikes on the helmet serve? Was it merely to be more intimidating?

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>>1495510
>one of the most interesting periods in history in my opinion

You ought to check out this alt-history trilogy;

>>1497898

muh dick

>>1498322
Go back to picking cotton, porch monkey. By the way, hope you love the race war in America and the Chinese ripping apart Africa because they can't pay them back. Almost forgot, the Arabs are coming back to make you slaves. Have fun.

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Anyone got any info on Bronze Age era infrastructure, particulary regarding domestic technology like refridgeration and plumbing?

I recall reading that ancient Persians had some neat air conditioning system, and the Minoans had clay pipes running through some of their houses which could provide showers and flushable toilets.

Anyone have info on how cellars could be used to refridgerate food or serve as a place to cool down?

Ancient home conveniences sound so fascinating to me.

>>1498973
Pls be bait

>>1498973
It's just a dumb meme my man

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>>1499277
They kind of copied termites

The Nords are up to it right now
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GG098uwKiio

>>1495510
Well also take into account it as long as pretty all history after it

>>1499223
muh lesbians
muh wiccans

>>1498973
I think the picture stands for itself

Are you guys sure the Nuragics weren't proto-Greeks?

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>>1500184
I am pretty sure they were not, you can find some of their stuff in Sardinia today. Does that mean they are from there? No.

Just gives a strong hunch

>>1500205
So there was at least partial influence
Good to know

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>>1500209
Well sure. The Bronze Age might seem primitive to us, but we have to remember that once humans reached the Bronze Age that made us thee most advanced species to ever exist. Ever.

They were figuring out wind directions, seasons, coastal charts, not sure about star charts yet but who knows. These little tiny civilizations were all interacting with one another.

"Oh, you're wearing PURPLE TOGAS?! Where can I buy them? I've never seen one before."
>I can sell you this one, and I can bring ten more from Tyre for a price

Within a year, purple togas are all the rage across Anatolia, or Minos, or Egypt, or wherever. They were all learning from one another.

"You took a bunch of bronze and did WHAT with is?"
>We made a long metal blade from it. See? Cuts through meat like it does wheat stalks.

There must have been thousands of languages, hundreds of religions, and many more diverse things going on back then. It must have been a hell of a time to be alive because despite living in the Bronze Age, some nomads still lived as if they were in the Stone Age.

Kind of like how we in the First World peek at uncontacted native tribes in awe

>>1500236
Thank you for all your pics and descriptions. been lurking. thx bronze age bro

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>>1500236
People fought major wars too. A few thousand warriors gathered in what is now Germany for reasons that we still do not know.

Seriously, in a time when a village with 100 able bodied men could arm them with spears was considered strong there was a battle involving thousands. Some came as far as Greece. GREECE.

Despite bronze weapons being on the scene, y'know, it's the Bronze Age and all, most of the weapons were not metal. Wood and stone were still prevalent.

Must have been insane to try and fight one of these >>1497916 fellows armed with nothing more than a wooden baseball bat.

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/slaughter-bridge-uncovering-colossal-bronze-age-battle
If you have not read up on it, here is a good link

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>>1500242
Anytime

Once the Bronze Age was nearing its end, many cultures had entire factories dedicated to casting bronze weapons, tools and armor. Bronze could be cast with amazing precision and strength in the right hands.

It was an amazing process though. It had to be mined from somewhere. It was either purified on site into ingots or just shipped as is to the city. There, the metal was purified or melted down if pure already.

The molten metal was then put into prepared clay casts. These casts had to be prepared well in advance by trained sculptors or the smiths themselves. Bronze swords could be cast into an almost ready to use state.

The best smiths could pump out ten swords a day. Ten. That is incredible considering how long it would take for the next big metal, iron, to be smelted and formed into any kind of sword: a couple days for one.

There is no uniform kind either. One Celtic tribe in what is now Hungary had straight blades. Their neighbors to the south however had leaf shaped blades. No doubt they KNEW how each other crafted blades... just preference I guess.

>>1500257
>. No doubt they KNEW how each other crafted blades... just preference I guess.

Perhaps they had the basic idea, but my impression tends to be this knowledge was very much passed down teacher to student.

the bronze age is really interesting and i didnt really know much about it prior to sitting down and reading about it this year. now i think it's one of the most fascinating historical eras. especially since there's so much more of it than i was aware of.

i find the middle bronze age (the amorite period, i guess) kind of dull in comparison to the early (sumerian) and late (egyptian new kingdom/hittites/middle assyrian empire/kassite babylon/mitanni) periods. now i'm spending more time going back and reading about prehistory and that's just as fascinating if a little more dry.

>>1495538
WE

This thread has gven me a new appreciation for the Bronze Age. Very interesting stuff.

Can you recommend me any academic works that go into further detail about the civilizations that existed during this period? Is there any kind of Bronze Age encyclopedia that briefly or in-detail covers all the known tribes and societies that existed at this time and what we know of them? Thanks.

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>>1499277
Nuragics used wells as fridges, inside them archaeologists have found grape seeds, melon seeds, mulberry seeds and other types of seeds.

These finds have surprised archaeologists since the seeds have been dated to 1350-1100 bc, but before these finds it was thought that melon was spread by the Romans and Greeks in the first century AD from Egypt.

Also they've found a vase dated to 1300 bc with white wine in it, but it was thought that white wine was first produced by the French in the middle ages.

Archaeologists have also found a Nuragic aqueduct which brought water to a settlement and the nearby sanctuary.

They also had fountains, ritual baths and such, so they did have some basic knowledge of hydraulics.

>>1500205
No, they were distinct ethnicities, but Nuragics and Myceneans did often interact, this is why Mycenean and Cypriot materials have been found in Sardinia and vice versa Nuragic pottery was found in Crete, Cyprus, Sicily and elsewhere.

>>1495510
So which of these civilizations were black?

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>>1498973
Seima-Turbino phenomenon
Finns were kangz

>>1495538
>She was tall
How tall was she?

>>1501057
The Nok culture some 4000 years later.

>>1501204
For the love of god will you stop feeding memecunts with (You)s. You are complicit in their shitposting.

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>>1500236
>It must have been a hell of a time to be alive because despite living in the Bronze Age, some nomads still lived as if they were in the Stone Age.
I was always struck by Chinese mythology acknowledging that they used to be primitive barbarian people before they developed civilization. "Yeah, we used to wear animal furs and live in caves like savages before these legendary figures discovered how to farm and write and make proper clothing" You get Promethean figures in many myths but a huge component of early Chinese mythology seems to have been "Thank heaven we are not like those barbarians anymore!"

>>1501222
I always found it weird how so many great figures or peoples always tried to tie their greatness to some other factor like "it was heavenly mandate" or "we're descended from gods" rather than the actual fact that "we just kicked ass despite our humble beginnings, it was all us"

Like the whole of a "self-made man" wasn't even a thing

>>1501257
Dude. Kicking ass, being filial, and being just pretty much gets you Mandate of Heaven. Not the other way around.

If you read the Manifestos of Accession of a lot of Chinese Emperors, they say something like
>Country was in danger, we had to do something about it.
>We have the power to make things right, despite being simple peasants.
>We succeeded and thus heaven shows favor upon our sacrifices.
And so on.

Hell, the First Chinese Emperor was stone cold "You can't govern yourselves, so here I am."

>>1495546
>Anime v1

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>>1502788
If you're gonna bump at least post something mang.

>>1501257

If you rule bacause you could kill anyone that tried to stop you, what is going to stop ambitious warlords and usurpers from doing the same to you?

Most of these "devine right"kind of setups are in place to give the sitting monarchs some legitimacy, and weaken the position of any contenders to the throne.

the chinese mandate of haven is kind of the odd one out in this bunch, aa the ruling dynasty only maintains the mandate as long as things go smooth. once hunger or rebellion or whatever happens and the country is in chaos, obviously the heavens are displeased with the emperor,, and a new dynasty is needed.

>>1500429
WE what?

>>1501182

Seima-Turbino actually were probably Satemic Indo-Europeans who gave Germanic languages their Satemic substrate.
They also seem to have genocided the Kiukaistenculture in Finland and Sweden because it disappears simultaneously with the arrival of these nomadic smiths.

>>1495510
Your daily reminder that bronze is the most aesthetically pleasing practical metal and its decline was a tragedy to beauty

>timetravel will never be a thing
>I can never go see bronze age culture for myself
Just gas me already

>>1501269
I've always liked that Qin Shi Huangdi, the founder of "China" as a thing, whose life is to this day impacting the Chinese culturally, politically, and linguistically, is openly accepted as one of histories villains by his own fucking people.

>>1505522
On the bright side, you are closer to understanding the Bronze Age today than anyone else aside from people who actually lived in it. In fact you know more than they do, since they had a very limited geographic and cultural knowledge of the societies around them.

>>1505525
While I disagree that he really was a villain as there is plenty of evidence for people to villainize him during his time ( pissed off the Confucianists who later gained power, destroyed the feudal nobility to irreperability, outlawed slavery, established meritocracy and opened government service to commoners = all this pissing off the surviving nobility which toppled his dynasty) there is an acknowledgement in popular Chinese history th that he was an oppressive figure.

However, popularly, the Chinese do see him as a necessary evil to end the shitshow that was the Warring States. If you managed to watch Zhang Yimou's "Hero," western audiences scoffed at the scene when the [spoiler]assassin refuses to kill a supposed tyrant because one country under a despot is better than an eternity of war[/spoiler], but holy shit, was it a view that went against meme Chinese history.

>>1495546
>these pills are fuckin shit hot lad

recommended books on the bronze age? asking this here so it doesnt get lost in the book thread

>>1505863
A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000 - 323 BC

>>1498334
>studded
>leather

>>1501257
legitimizing one's rule in one way or another has been a fundamental part of society since the beginning, and it will likely continue until its end.
Calling yourself a god-king works well because it is gods that the people were most in awe for.

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The ancient Irish were master smiths, I like the rapier in pic related dated to around 1500BC, which then was replaced by the short fat swords so associated with the ancient world.

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>>1507839
Wow, impressing.
>>1507790
It was made of leather and bronze actually.

>>1500243
>tfw in 3000 years they will discover 1000s of ancient tiger tanks lodged in the earth somewhere in russia and have no idea what happened.

>>1507839
>Tuatha de Danaan
>Ancient Irish

Bronze Age is so fascinating, what are some good books, documentaries or podcasts on the subject. Is there any historian before Herodotus who wrote about the Bronze Age?

>>1505728
okay, this made me laugh a bit too loudly

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>>1495570
>tfw you will never be one of these dudes doing epic elderscrolls-tier shit

>>1495538
SO YOU SAYIN WE WUZ CHINESE N SHIET?

>>1507839

those are fishing tools

>>1500243

trojan war

>>1510349
Not him, but those are rapiers.

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>>1495579
>oi fuck off with the whip m8

>>1510457
>>1495579

DAS RITE

>>1495570
So did the girls all walk around with their tits out like that?

>>1510939
Yes

>>1496184
there was no such thing as 'western civilization', it's a modern invention

greeks, the so-called foundation of said civilization, were more in tune with the ME than Europe

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>>1499004
people at this time loved their pomp and showmanship
load of armour and weapons found were incredibly ornate

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>>1496183
https://books.google.ca/books?id=qUcjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT38&lpg=PT38&dq=highland+peoples+of+sardinia&source=bl&ots=mZhhhA8O0c&sig=_A7GLX_VG9G7lFfnDVul39hGOk8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIiPnn8KrOAhWE8YMKHVfmDu4Q6AEILjAD#v=onepage&q=highland%20peoples%20of%20sardinia&f=false

here's his book, I read some of it mostly because I found it interesting, not because it was required or anything.
in it he talks about meeting people and them still telling stories about how they defeated the Romans in such and such battle a thousand years ago. there's also a massive cultural divide between the highlanders and the urban lowlands like Cagliari.

the hills are also filled with forts, like every town and tribe had its own hillfort

you can see this divide with how the Romans divided the province, with 'barbarian' lands in the hills, and roman on the plains.

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>>1498973

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>>1499277
for AC they designed buildings to take advantage of the wind, one reason why mega-structures were useful, it coudl allow maximum airflow into the building, that with an open plan could have it circulate easily.

even the pyramids have a great deal of airflow.

this combined with large underground structure and shafts to cycle air through underground water systems also served to cool the area

you can see this in modern middle eastern buildings.

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>>1500184
>Are you guys sure the Nuragics weren't proto-Greeks?
proto-greeks were Doric invaders/Myceneans

Nuragic were unrelated, likely pre-indo European. especially considering their burials were different from the traditional indo-euro inhumation. they built large conical/pyramid structures and then latter "giants tombs"

>>1500257
not to mention well made bronze armour is as strong and durable as steel

>>1500461
there are so many things

The Coming of the Greeks and The End of the Bronze Age are both decent but disputed.

1177 BC: The Year Civilization Collapsed is about the Dark Age

The Story of Civilization and Rise of the West also cover the bronze age well in sections.

the Golden Bough is useful as well since it compares modern societies at a similar level as well as ancient ones.

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>>1511270
Those forts , the Nuraghi date all to a millenium before the Romans came.

>>1511367
I know but even then there was a divide between lowlanders and highlanders

the Nuraghic might not even be native to the island.

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>>1511372
Many Nuraghi are found in the coasts and lowlands too.

Pic related.

The divide happened after, probably because of Carthage and Rome invading.

Before that the island was pretty unified (same kind of temples, forts, art).

Bump until I get home

>>1510410

rapiers are fishing tools

>>1513565
No

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I'll be dumping some Nordic Bronze Age stuff. These things should come from the Common Germanic era, wherein all Germanic folk were located in southern Scandinavia and Jutland.

Bronze Age helmets

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>>1514111
I got trips, yee

Woolen clothing

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>>1514115
A comb, it's funny how we think of everyone back then as unwashed and scraggly.

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>>1514120
A shaving razor. One wonders what hairstyles they wore in that place and time.

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>>1514125
A bronze age sword. Some fantasy game shit right there.

>>1511396
How about genetically? Are they still different from mainland Italians?

>>1514169
They descend mainly from mainland Italians who came there during the neolithic.

>>1505441
stop feeding memers you retard

>>1497910
>Dat cuneiform
HNNNGing pretty hard rn, I thought that shit was just for clay tablets.

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>>1497932
>ywn live in a Bronze Age village
>ywn live the simple life
>why even live?
Bronze Age the best age! The colors, the diversity of weapon, clothes and armor designs...

No standardization, no metric system, everything was unique.

These thread always make me nostalgic for a time that I have never lived. I can only retreat to the world of fiction. Any novels or films that happen in the Bronze Age?

>>1497966
Fuck your stupid fucktard meme shit

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>>1507862
Bronze figurine of a warrior from Sardinia

>>1514474
No good ones

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>>1514127
I love the armour and weapons because there was no real consensus on how to make them yet, and very limited communication, not to mention probably a lot of secrecy on the part of craftsmen whom likely were taught by masters going back through time in a specific style.

>>1497910
what does the writing say, does anyone know?
inscriptions on weapons are always cool

>>1514111
those helmets are Nuragic, not Nordic

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the Sumerian King List list human civilization going back as far as 250,000 years ago.

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>>1514906
They aren't?

I thought those helmets were Nordic since they were found in Denmark, but they do look like the Sardinian ones, pic related.

T.Sardinian

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Dug out Rise of the West an got some pictures of the diagrams

This is a great image showing the evolution of early civilization hand in hand with religion as the driving force.

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>>1514964
>>1501257
To understand the idea of "priest-kings" and why religion was so important you need to understand early civilization and how the social structure worked.

early "cities" were palace/temple economies, where basically all wealth flowed into a singular location, and then out again as distributed by the elites.

in the cased of hill people societies like the Mycenaean the palace was a fort and the King was a great warrior. farming was harder on the hills, rain less reliable, and they bordered the lands of nomadic savages more often than not so strength and valued.

for river people, i.e the earliest large civilizations, there was significantly greater wealth, but also the ability to be self sufficient due to higher yields and populations to work it. likewise with greater population and centralization comes the need for labour stratification. this develops into castes over time. now Temple socities dominated the riverlands, because faith and the thread of divine power was a far greater mechanism for compelling people to give goods over to the Temple for distribution, and beyond that, priests were learned men with secret knowledge of things like how the crops grew, the phases of the moon, the phases of the river/floods, climate patterns. as well as more traditional holy man stuff like dispensing good graces, interpreting divine will and signs, making proper sacrifices to keep the gods happy, and so on as you can imagine.

in places like Egypt this went a step further where the King became a priest among priests, with a system of temples under his command across a nation with him alone as their God, no longer translating the god's will but wielding it.

the Indus valley was similar, but with the Aryan invasions, the priestly caste adopted the barbarian invaders as a "secondary" ruling class, while they themselves retained the higher status and divine right.

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>>1514988
the likes of the Hittites, Myceneans, and possibly the Minoans represent the hill societies; though Minos likely had a priest-kingship as well after Mesopotamian style, it functioned more like the hill-civilizations where the king was also a warlord among warlords, just with the added bonus of being a priest.

these societies were often on the fringes of civilization, or represented very small societies themselves, comprised less of sprawling cities and more like collections of large forts

they were significantly more warlike, due both to lack of abundant agriculture in the hills due to the limitations rain places upon them, and their proximity to nomads and bandits who very often used the highlands as cover.

it was often these however whom inevitably came to dominate the more lax agrarian civilizations of the plains, in turn prompting them to adopt more aggressive attitudes themselves and lead to the development of strong Kingship and aristocracy at the expense of the priests.

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>>1515040
Minos was unique in the ancient Mediterranean/near eastern world in that it not only mixed ideas of divine and earthy martial rule, but was arguably the first Thalassic civilization.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6UX86mv6XI

their ships were not only agile, but served to influence latter Mediterranean craft in design. not to mention their piracy was widespread and well recorded.

their pottery was incredible as well, just the esoteric designs and beautiful use of colour, especially blue.

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>>1515064
more pots
I like this one a lot
just look at the amazing seascape design around the middle, all that detail.

this is a reproduction however it is based on a real pot of which fragments remains which show the same level of detail.

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>>1515080
this one is almost frightening, some Deep One shit here

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>>1515084
an incredible shell inlaid pitcher

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>>1496351
Shang Period artefacts are pretty Ayy Lmao.

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I actually have a reproduction of this

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the scale of Knossos is amazing
it shows a massive amount of wealth must have been flowing into it, more more than possible with just farmers/fisherman's taxes on a small rocky island

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>>1514964
Development of Greek society

>>1515138
>>1514964
notice the major difference being that it is not a priest who is translating the will of the Gods (and therefore limited by human error/faults) but an immutable code of laws given down by the Gods which guides the society.

File: 640px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png (125KB, 640x665px) Image search: [Google]

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>>1514906
They were found in Jutland, so they were probably Germanic

>>1515162
>>1514917
you're right
they just looked like Sardinian helmets at first to me.

>>1515175
Supposedly I heard the Vikings-had-horned-helmets meme was romanticism mixed with finding some bronze age helmets. While of course iron age Germanics either had Roman-styled, nasal, or spectacled helmets, I heard bronze age Celts also had horned helmets. It was a common theme apparently.

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>>1515175
Yes, they do look really similar.

Interestingly enough the Scandinavians used mostly Sardinian and Iberian copper to make their bronze weapons during the medium bronze age.

File: Horned_helmet.jpg (2MB, 3888x2592px) Image search: [Google]

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>>1515184
>celtic """""horned""""" helmet

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>>1515193
not to mention the Runic alphabet is based off of early Italic

>>1515180
Those helmets aren't really accurate to the Mycenean ones.

That guy who makes this reproductions often just uses sea peoples' helmets, taking for granted that the Myceneans used them.

I find it interesting how writing and letters had such magical power in some societies.
the Germanic ones for example every rune was powerful and writing them could invoke powerful magic depending on what was written. as well names had significant meaning due to this.
this reverence for writing is one major reason why we know so much more about Germanic culture compared to others like slavic or celtic.

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>>1515194

>>1508351
No it implies trade and travel and subsequently a connection between Eastern Asia and the people of Western Europe prior to the Roman Empire. Humans weren't as disconnected after Africa as one may have thought.

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>>1515537
You're right.

This is the Ulu Burun shipwreck, it sank around 1300 bc.

It carried goods from Greece, Cyprus, Syria, Egypt, Sicily, Sardinia, Northen Italy, Mesopotamia and other parts of the world.

>>1515127
Truly labyrinthic.

>>1515127
Simply incredible.

Europe will not see such a structure in 1500 years.

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>>1515638
Here's the only structure Europe will see.

>>1507839

sweet

>>1514896
It says: "Palace of Adad-nirari, king of the universe, son of Arik-den-ili, king of Assyria, son of Enlil-nirari, king of Assyria,"

That means that it was the property of the Middle Assyrian king Adad-nirari I (r. 1307–1275 B.C.)

>>1511345
I would not say as durable as, but the best bronze armor is nothing to doubt. Iron and steel weapons would still be stopped or inhibited by it as if they struck modern steel

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>>1515896
I love these babies.

Urnfield armor

>>1507839
people really do not appreciate Irish history, especially during the bronze age and iron age there was a flowering of Irish culture and they spread all over. The first iberians was ruled by kings who was irish. Tarquinius superbus the last irish king of iberia was overthrown by the iberians who ruled iberia for a couple of centuries. Until sulla the great irish general overthrew the iberians and exterminated them in the social war. Now irish was running iberia again and a iberian wasnt seen in the region again until it was sacked by alaric and the iberians eventually killed or sent the black irish to ireland. Julius caesar was irish

>>1515931
I don't get it, is this supposed to be funny?