Laptop Shuts Off Hardware Problem?

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Sony VAIO POS I'm trying to recover files.

Basically I can boot to linux from USB but in about 10 seconds it clicks and drops off.

It's had fan problems and fan replaced, and problems, but I don't think heat is the problem because it dies at about the same time (<30 seconds all told) regardless of what is booting, if it's BIOS screen, and regardless of how many times I've done it (stone cold seems no different from the dozenth time in a row I've tried to start).

So my assumption is:
>not the ram (Linux boots to desktop)
>not the MoBo (BIOS functions and saves settings)
>not a heat issue (cold vs 10th time same issue)

Windows 10 however does not boot and goes into a recovery loop which is longer than the seconds available.

My thoughts are:
>harddrive: the milisecond it tries to spin up the HDD which fails it just shuts down on the hardware error
I have no idea how to test this or if USB booting linux would touch the HDD before several seconds of desktop. Also windows tries to boot, I get the windows logo before recovery mode shows up, and I can make a choice.

So question 1: does any of this indicated good/bad HDD?

>other hardware problem: so like the fan not being able to test spin, e.g. the blade itself is stuck and when the computer tries to spin it, regardless of heat, and it doesn't everything shuts down. I feel like before it would spin for one second shortly after starting, but I can't be sure.

>3rd: CD drive doesn't spin up. Tried to boot with a linux CD and it didn't even spin. Would this trigger instant power off?

What else might BIOS functioning but powering off if you don't change and save settings in time, as well as linux boot from USB and win10 trying in it's own pathetic fashion?

More importantly what can I do to troubleshoot beyond what I've done? Taking it apart is no problem but I'd like to do as much as possible before removing the main shell.