how does cpu binning work? how can a cpu be less efficient or

>>60921316
>how can a cpu be less efficient or less fast than the other ones but still actually work?

How can a car be less efficient or less fast than others but still actually work?

At the end of the day a digital device still relies on analog electrical principles which are dependent on the quality of the base silicon and the structures grown on it. Mass manufacturing isn't perfect and similar to sifting out different grades of sugar with mesh screens, you sift out shit chips from good ones through testing.

>>60921316
Extremely slight differences in the distances between some transistors can cause them to leak state into adjacent transistors and cause errors at sufficiently high voltages.

Also, many CPU and GPU lines are made to be modular internally so that one internal module fails (like a core or a section of memory), it can be independently disabled and routed around, leaving the rest of the chip functioning with one less module.

Chemical etching isn't an exact science. You know what is roughly going to happen, but you don't know the specifics until you test further.

>>60921551
>>60921524
This and this. Also these things can affect how efficient the transistors are at passing current (aka, their resistance) which determines heat generation (and the silicone lottery).

We are probably talking differences less than an ohm, but over the hundreds of millions of transistors, if too many are on the adverse side this can add up to CPUs running hotter than others, and having less overclock potential.