How does data tranfer physically work?

>>60275964
Voltage variations for 1 an 0

>>60275964
That's defined by the standard. Search for Ethernet over twisted pair or something. There are lots of different standards for different bandwidths.

it's faster than you can fathom

Applying a voltage to copper causes the wire to turn into a tunnel that you can then stuff information through.

within a cable there are microscopic tubes and the data is pushed through those.

Just adding some info to to what >>60276149 said, remember to periodically clean those tubes, otherwise they might get bit rot on the inside and slow things down enough for you to have to manually push the data through it
>tfw your old job on hot summer days was to manually push stuck data on ISP tubes

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3MB, 240x185px

>>60275964
Over a network, encapsulation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encapsulation_(networking)

Information is split up into packets and those packets have specific information in the header data that tells where the packet comes from and where its going. Over TCP/IP and on local media, sliding window protocol will allow for packets to progressively reach larger sizes, slowly ramping up the speed that data is transferred.

Think morse code and a flashlight but really really fast.
And then imagine morse code but with multiple flashlights all flashing different codes at once in different colours.