How did the portuguese, severely weakened, still managed to defend the vast majority of their empire from the dutch, who took the most profitable spice islands with native support?
diplomacy, google treaty of Utrecht for example
Superior Barbosa tactics
it was easier to just trade somewhere else than to deal with it at the time. it's not as if there was a shortage of societies to exploit.
>>2493671
Brits had their back, and made big profits of brazilian gold