How do languages die? I can understand if it was already spoken by a minority of peoples, but in the case of something like Celtics, how did it happen? Another example might be how widespread Niger Congo languages are, surely more families were spoken in Sub-Saharan Africa before? Is it genocide? Do the foreign speakers just slowly begin to outnumber the natives?
>Is it genocide?
>>994453
The same way they're dying today, the population starts to speak another language more frequently, usually a lingua franca, until the old language is marginalised and eventually disappears. European mainlanders don't realise it, but their languages are already dying. The Dutch, Swedes and Norwegians seem to speak English 50% of the time even amongst themselves.
>>994468
>The Dutch, Swedes and Norwegians seem to speak English 50% of the time even amongst themselves.
What? I honestly doubt this.
What caused the Bronze Age Collapse and subsequent Greek Dark Ages?
Short answer: Nobody knows.
Long answer: Probably some combination of natural disasters and economic problems leading to a period of weakness, during which illiterate cultures on the periphery of civilization engaged in unchecked raiding, migration, and conquest.
>>994384
>What caused the Bronze Age Collapse and subsequent Greek Dark Ages?
Inept archaeologists, and lying historians.
Everything went wrong at once, most likely.
States weakened by natural disasters and invasion were doubly crippled by their over dependence on one another.
What went so right?
he was a total homo and homos have a lower time preference because homos can't have children and the fact that you could possibly have children as a result of your favourite kind of sexual activity instantly gives you a higher time preference because praxeology.
>>994241
psychologist voodoo please, just stay out of real scientists way
>>994241
Hoppe please kys.
Can we get a historical fiction thread going? What are you guys reading? Anybody have suggestions for ancient historical fiction (preferably in Mesopotamia/Middle East)?
>>994159
I read Agincourt by Bernard something or other about a year ago. A friend gave it to me and suggested his Anglo Saxon chronicles.
>>994159
>"The Holy Roman Empire was, according to Voltaire, neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire. But it was long-lived, complex, brutal, important, and fascinating, as is evident from the reading of this notable work"
http://www.amazon.com/Holy-Roman-Empire-James-Bryce/dp/1479208523
>>994159
I just read a good one called Black Robe. About a Jesuit priest in Canada in the 1600s who cannot stand the wilderness or Indians but is super devoted and won't give up his mission.
It's pretty dark, lots of Mohawk savagery and torture, and does a good job making the Indians relatable (to the reader, not the protaganist) but not putting Native American culture on a pedestal. He translates the indian speech in a really funny and ignoble way too.
Why does people still consider George Orwell an anti-authoritarian and anti-totalitarian leader when he only criticized the Soviet Union because they persecuted fellow leftists in the late 1930s? I mean, he was silent during forced collectivization and dekulakization, when millions of innocent people were sent to gulags or shot, but once Stalin turned against the perpretators of such crimes during the Great Purge, suddenly he spoke out against the authoritarianism of the Soviet Union?
Also, he was ok with the POUM and Spanish anarchists shooting Catholics, the bourgeoisie and other "class enemies". It seens like the "anti-authoritarian left" is only anti-authoritarian when the authoritarianism of leftist regimes are directed against left-wing victims. People like George Orwell never cared when innocent kulaks and priests are murdered, so he shouldn't be a symbol of anti-authoritarianism.
His views changed over time, he didn't believe in keeping a static opinion, open minded i guess. He wasnt actually very old either.
>>993578
Did he ever criticized dekulakization, though? I don't remember a single left-wing intellectual who did it.
> It seens like the "anti-authoritarian left" is only anti-authoritarian when the authoritarianism of leftist regimes are directed against left-wing victims.
Well, yeah. That's what makes them left-wing.
Any honest men here?
>>993553
No
Nope
I have a problem concerning Christianity i am not quite sure how handle.
I am confirmated in church and try to go there at least twice a month, though i am not really sure if i can go with it due to my ancestors as i am from Sweden and all.
You know, Christianity didn't come around here untill a bit more than 1000 years ago and didn't make it big untill a bit less. That mean that all those before that ((as long as they weren't traders and/or raiders)) will have gone to hell without having had a chance of hearing about Christ. If luther was right, everyone before Gustavous Wasa about 500 years ago and if Evangelists everyone before me not yet dead. And mostly they weren't bad people, just honest farmers or craftmen.
That thought do deeply trouble me, anyone else who got the same thoughts or know how to handle them?
>>993322
I don't know if it aplies but the catholic view is that those who has not been told about Christ are not guilty of not following him
would you say that christianity has benefited swedish people?
>>993322
Well, the vast majority of people ever born are in hell, so they're probably in good company.
Which philosopher represents which board of 4chan best?
s4s
Theophrastus for /cgl/
>muh masks
>>993111
Nietzsche was a mentally disturbed man with ideals of grandeur. Would he count?
Was there ever any serious plans by Europeans to conquer China, Korea and Japan? If so, how likely were they to succeed?
>>993078
Willy wanted to conquer Japan for some reason
Ask the Japanese about Douglas MacArthur.
>>993078
>According to Lord Thomas, a combination of Spanish conquistadors and missionaries, led by a remarkable character named Lopez de Legazpi, proposed to use the new Spanish colony of the Philippines as the launch-pad for a Spanish and Christian takeover of China”an ambition they styled la empresa de China , “the China Project.” The “’project” fired the imaginations of Legazpi’s successors, who pressed the Spanish monarch, Philip II, for permission to bring China under Spanish control. Philip, whom Hugh Thomas styles “the Great Procrastinator,” dithered, being preoccupied with rebellion in the Spanish Netherlands, and eventually cooled to the idea.
Why did ancient Egyptians like frogs?
dubs for Kek
billions of frogs emerged from the nile seasonally
is this proof that ancient frogs were black?
Russian history
>"and then it got worse" :DDD XDDDD
>>992384
you know this meme is relatively new, if you shut up about it people might forget it, if you talk about it you might empower it
Been reading Checkov lately.
Beautiful fucking sentiment.
Beautiful fucking post!
portrait of a typical russian destroying his future
What went wrong?
Be more specific. I need a good Ottoman thread to start my day.
Why does he have a huge onion on his head.
Rapid gunfire
Zerging enemies won't work anymore.
Was the emperor Caligula really as crazy as they say? Which of the accusations are actually true?
Good literature on this topic is always welcome.
>>992282
No, any strong, simplistic characterizations of historical figures are inaccurate, no exceptions OP.
Additionally fact, The Borgias was filled with people trying to do the right thing, with their own moral compasses and principles.
>>992725
don't be a dick. We can ask about history books on /his/.
It's sad how you cannot totally believe almost anything we know about the lives of relevant Romans because it was most probably just factional propaganda and juicy false rumors.
Post officers that showed exceptional bravery in the field. This is Col H Jones of the parachute regiment, he inspired his men to win at Goose Green by attempting to charge an Argentine machine gun position. He nearly made it, but was caught off guard by a second machine gun position and was shot. He recieved a posthumus VC for his actions at Goose Green.
There's no honor in getting yourself killed.
>>992258
Yes, but denying the bravery in risking your life is rather insulting to the men who paid the ultimate price.
>>992258
War is hell, and it takes some bravery to stay in it.
Overrated?
Once and for all
No
meme?