I am fairly new to this area of study and would really appreciate any sort of help you can give.
My essay requires that I define the human condition in Hobbes' eyes, but also whether or not Hobbes is an optimist or pessimist.
I have used http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/Philosophers/Hobbes/hobbes_human_nature.html to get a general understanding, but I would really appreciate someone elses input/guidance in tackling this question.
Thanks in advance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(film_series)
For people which aren't pussies and don't have short attention span
I don't get it, have you actually read Hobbes?
Why don't you just read his works and come to your own conclusion?
>>1430389
Why would I need to read him? I'm just writing an essay on him. You should only read an author if you're doing it as a hobby or something.
I imagine a king would have some royal mapmaker or something, but how did common people go about daily travel, border control, and trade before paper and printing?
>border control
you got around by word of mouth and experience, if you were lucky enough to find a map it would be grossly inaccurate.
Uí Neill best clan.
O'Brien shits need not apply
>>1430276
Common people did not travel more than a couple miles from home. Border control did not exist. Trade was done along known routes, by memory. If all else fails you ask where you are at an inn. No maps needed.
Is this the biggest meme warrior in existence?
Yes, the meme being that anything that's praised by some group is in fact meme shit in the eyes of le 4channeur contradicteuriste extraordinaire
>meme
>rampant cultural idea, phrase, or style of humor (double irony, baiting, grieving), for better or worse
Easily the white death. He did not get 300 kills. Maybe 14-50. He did not bring 300 rounds with him into a tree and land all his shots.
>worked for centuries and centuries against countless different peoples
>meme
I guess artillery is a meme too.
'Florem aetatis a Venere orti in Bithynia contaminatum'
Seriously, can we put good old whoremonger of Gaul to rest and focus on decent leaders of fledgling Imperial Rome?
OH WAIT THERE WERE NONE. NOT A SINGLE ONE UNTIL NERVA AND THE ADOPTIVES. GG CLAUDIANS AND FLAVIANS YOU REALLY DID WELL HATS OFF, PINNACLE OF LEADERSHIP RIGHT THERE
Go home, Marcus, you're drunk.
>>1430101
> implying Claudius wasn't based af
Plebs, abi domum.
>Implying Augustus wasn't primo princeps
Julius Caesar was ok.
Why did the English adopt the longbow instead of the crossbow like much of the rest of the continent? Was it a cultural thing or were there economic reasons?
Crossbow is a shit weapon
>slow to fire
>inaccurate
>>1430040
Life is not a video game.
As well as longbows the English also used crossbows, especially in ships, defenses, and such.
>>1430040
they had a developed culture of archery, and the longbow was a reliable and effective weapon on the battlefield.
The Zunist religion you can find in CK2, was it/is it even a thing? Does anyone know?
>>1429786
There's an article on two in wikipedia
>>1429786
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunbils
Sun cults weren't that uncommon. Romans worshiped the Invincible Sun for a long period.
>>1429786
If I remember correctly it was real, but all the stuff ingame with it is fanfiction.
Hey /his/torians,
Who essay here?
Got a 5,000 worder. Got about 3k words of unrefined shit. The idea for my essay is good, but it just won't fucking go down on paper right.
I try not to reference as I go, which makes things hard later on. And I always write at the last minute. Got 2 days to go.
I tend to get very good marks though. Always afraid the next essay will be the one that brings me down.
>I try not to reference as I go
... Why?
Anyway I have to write essays pretty often (undergrad in history) but I've tried to break my procrastination habit the last year or two, so I tend to pluck away at stuff at 30 minutes a day and then cram all the rest in for as long as it takes on the second-last day. Then proofread and submit on the due-date.
>>1429735
I find it breaks my flow - I usually start with a pretty good idea of what I am going to write, and go back through my notes and books to find out where I got my points from.
Time consuming, but I've always worked this way.
I'm doing a Masters - at a good university. I always feel like a slacker who has fluked his way into this position.
I haven't got any more organised since my undergrad. I wish I could work in the way you describe, but I just don't seem to be able to.
>>1429818
>but I just don't seem to be able to.
>justdoit.jpg
The reason I do it in 30 minute bursts is because I'm also an unmotivated asshole, but 30 minutes is short enough that I can generally force myself to sit down and do it. Once you have a habit it's not that gruelling. To me this feels way less stressful than burning through my entire day trying to hit a deadline near the due-date, and all the other anxieties that accompany procrastination. I don't know about you, but approaching deadlines tend to eat away at the back of my head until they're out of the way, doing a little bit tends to banish that thought for the day. Besides, if you end up on a roll you don't need to stop at 30 minutes either, I find sometimes once I get on a train of thought I can keep at it for a while.
>I always feel like a slacker who has fluked his way into this position.
There's actually a name for that phenomenon, though I forget what it is. Mostly everyone who isn't a narcissist experiences it sometimes. The reality is most people you think are smart are bullshitting their way through life as well.
>I must defeat the Germanic peoples of Austria in battle yet deliberately avoid uniting them under one flag
>>1429428
I don't think European powers would have accepted a united Greater Germany
Bismarck did it for Prussia not for Germany
>>1429428
>hey let's add a bunch of Catholic foreigners to the Reichstag
How did the English celts get so buttfucked?
You mean romanized celtic actual farmer peasants left defenseless after the roman troops withdrew?
>>1429410
So how come they didn't conquer Wales?
Also the Anglo-Saxons ended up buttfucked for awhile by the Danes.
>>1429419
They already had all the good parts, zero reason to waste time and men getting the rocky wasteland that is Wales too
Can you guys give me some patriotic/nationalist texts that were written long before nationalism became the big thing in the 19th century? Kinda like this text about Germany in the Nuremberg Chronicle.
>As we look upon the noble, highly renowned, and illustrious cities, the magnificent houses of God, the mighty and powerful princes and prelates of the German nation, we note that all things considered, no country excels Germany;
>How long and how broad this country; how devout, how truthful, how righteous, how loyal, and how rich in people and possessions is this German nation; how noble, how strong, how versed and experienced in war; how elegant its churches, and how celebrated and distinguished its clergy; how magnanimous its princes; how illustrious and brilliant its cities; how beautiful its skies, how fertile its soil, and how neat the countryside
http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=nur;cc=nur;rgn=div2;view=text;idno=nur.001.0004;node=nur.001.0004%3A11.2
>>1429230
That sounds like a Laudes a praise genre on Latin origin which remained in use during the Middle Ages.
>>1429254
But those usually praised kings and other rulers, not nations, right?
This is from al-Biruni's description of India around 1030 AD. It's not really 'nationalism' (you won't really find a lot of that) in the strict sense, just the usual cultural chauvinism. Still interesting though;
>We can only say, folly is an illness for which there is no medicine, and the Hindus believe that there is no country but theirs, no nation like theirs, no kings like theirs, no religion like theirs, no science like theirs. They are haughty, foolishly vain, self-conceited, and stolid. They are by nature niggardly in communicating that which they know, and they take the greatest possible care to withhold it from men of another caste among their own people, still much more, of course from any foreigner. According to their belief, there is no other country on earth but theirs, no other race of man but theirs, and no created beings besides them have any knowledge or science whatsoever. Their haughtiness is such that, if you tell them of any science or scholar in Khurasan [Eastern Iran] and Persis [Persia], they will think you to be both an ignoramus and a liar. If they traveled and mixed with other nations, they would soon change their mind, for their ancestors were not as narrow-minded as the present generation is.
>in all manners and usages they differ from us to such a degree as to frighten their children with us, with our dress, and our ways and customs, and as to declare us to be devil's breed, and our doings as the very opposite of all that is good and proper. By the by, we must confess, in order to be just, that a similar depreciation of foreigners not only prevails among us and the Hindus, but is common to all nations towards each other.
Why was it so shit?
>>1429225
A meme more tired than spooks
>>1429225
It's just a meme caused by a smug French philosopher that has been regurgitated by people on 4chan. The Holy Roman Empire was a mar geopolitical force in Medieval and early modern Europe despite not being as formal of an empire such as Rome. in my opinion the Holy Roman Empire was an epitome of efficiency considering it was a actual thousand year Reich.
Did he do it?
>>1429220
Most likely slander. He was a popular war hero and a very rich nobleman so he probably had many rivals who wanted to fuck him up. Apparently the Duke of Brittany who pushed for his prosecution later acquired a large portion of his wealth.
He was pretty based when Vincent Cassel played him in the movie
Well, he confessed.
Why was there a bigger emphasis on cavalry in eastern european and middle eastern armies when western europe is far greener than those other two areas.
You would think it would be easier to raise horses in western europe.
>>1429165
The Middle East and E. Europe were home to expansive environments suitable for cavalry maneuvers. Also they're neighbors with Steppenigs. So cavalry armies are priority.
Meanwhile in Western Europe.
>Dense forests.
>Mountains
>Hilly terrain.
>Most land ought to be used for agriculture.
Hence European Cavalry became one trick CHAAAARGE ponies.
To be fair, European heavy cavalry did perfect the art of the charge.
>>1429165
Greener, but a fuckton of either forests or mountains/hills.
Also castles. Fuckton of castles.
>>1429165
The Poles and Russians had gigantic steppes and a small population so feeding a horse was no problem. Western Europe was densely populated so keeping a horse was quite expensive, the peasants demanded more money too.
That said there were times when Medieval Europeans mounted entire 18.000 strong armies and during the latter phase of the 30 years war some Western European armies had around 50% cavalry.
To what painting is Montaigne referring? Ten minutes of Google and I can't find shit.
The Sacrifice of Iphigenia, a 1st Century AD Roman copy of a 4th Century BC painting by Timanthes, discovered at Pompeii, and now in the Museum at Naples
More info: http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/TimanthesIphigenia.htm
Largest version I could find (too big for the board): https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Iphigeneia_sacrificed_MAN_Napoli_Inv9112.jpg
Hope that helps.
>>1429019
> not knowing who Iphigeneia was
> history board
>>1429952
>Iphigeneia
>history
Why were so many scriptures rejected and excluded during the formation of the New Testament?
>>1428972
BECAUSE IT DID NOT FIT THE JUDAIZED MUNDANE FORMALISM OF THE CHURCH.
>>1428972
There were wildly different interpretations of not just the historical events described in the gospels, but the very nature of God, Jesus, Christ, reality, and salvation.
They could have just bound everything together, but it would have been an absolute mess.
>>1428972
>scriptures rejected and excluded during the formation of the New Testament?
There are invention, and exageration of the new testament not rejected text.